Sonia Renthlei: The world is now taking green living seriously in view of the increased damage being caused to the environment. Manufacturers of consumer products are looking at eco friendly resources for producing goods and are also utilizing what is known as eco packaging to market their products. These packages made from biodegradable materials are replacing plastic and metal rapidly. If every manufacturer joins the bandwagon, we may soon see the world get rid of plastic, leaving the earth cleaner and healthier.
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Eco friendly packaging designed to reduce waste
Ishan Sidhu: As our conventional sources of energy are about to go extinct, scientists are developing unique and indifferent technologies to meet the global demand of energy. Carl Peart, a Mexican student, entered the ‘Create the Future Design Contest, 2011′, with this unique design to produce clean energy. Named ‘Solar collection and Transfer Satellite’, it uses the system of Electro Mechanical Batteries to store energy, which is collected by the solar panels installed on the satellite. EMBs are simple and have amazing potential to store energy. Solar Energy Collection & Transfer Satellite Picture Gallery Solar Energy Collection & Transfer Satellite The Satellite collects energy through the incorporated solar array. A composite flywheel spins with an electric motor and is comprised within a battery. The flywheel using magnetic force floats in a vacuum chamber and can spin at speeds above 60,000rpm. The chamber is almost friction-less which makes it possible to store energy for a long period of time. The electricity can be used by slowing down the flywheel and using the motor as a generator. Energy is collected by the satellite using parallel connected solar panels. After storing this energy a microwave antenna transfers it to earth where a rectenna converts it back into electricity. The antenna can be repositioned; hence energy can be easily transferred to various locations on the earth, from one position in the orbit. The system features easy access doors and also allows easy replacement of worn batteries. The batteries are placed on a circular plate which rotates. They are mounted in a way which helps nullify gyroscope. Each satellite contains 360 batteries with a capacity to hold about 25 kWh each. In future, this satellite can be used for producing and storing clean energy. It would constantly provide clean energy for meeting the rising global demands. Via: Techbriefs
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Mexican student envisions energy generating satellite
Dattatreya Mandal: When we come across modernistic conceptualizations, the majority of the designs tend to flaunt their somewhat presumptuous and even vainglorious bearing. But if we talk about ‘down to earth’ practicality, it is the simplistic, credible conceptions that really matter in the massive commercial scheme of things. Well, the Yamaha Hecta is one among such very few facile contrivances that marries the high points of sustainability and innovation. Hecta Picture Gallery Hecta RCA Final Personal Project. Conceived by designer James Harness, the Hecta has been envisaged as a simple fusion of a human powered bicycle, or rather a tricycle, and an electric vehicle. Coming to the visual essence, the conspicuous front section of the craft insinuates a heavily built chassis with curvaceous lines. In stark contrast, the rear part of the vehicle embodies a minimalist approach with a simple bicycle form and pedals. As for the structural mechanism, this is where the designer effortlessly demonstrates his deft expertise. The bulky front component is covered by a stylized blue lexan top surface, which is fully removable. This structural ‘draping’ conceals a uniquely voluminous cargo space defined by light weight carbon fiber bearing. The hefty section is also supported by two hubless wheels, infused with sturdy electric motors and disk brake cooling. Coming to the rear part, the simplistic single wheel frame encloses a fully integrated battery pack, along a with SRAM I-motion 9 hub gear system. As for maneuvering, the Hecta will pose as a hybrid ‘green’ vehicle with dual driving mechanism. This means the driver can use it as a conventional bicycle powered by pedaling, while the electrical circuitry can alternatively provide for an automatic yet low emission form of transportation. And since we are talking about the intrinsic driving experience, the whole facet is improved upon by an advanced system of integrated computer with RFID sensor and GPS navigation capability, embedded along the front handles. So, at the end of the day, the Hecta certainly thrives to epitomize that novel essence of simplicity, intelligence and most importantly sustainability. Via: JHarness
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Hecta: A ‘green’ user friendly vehicle that fuses bicycle with an electric mechanism
Sonia Renthlei: Rise in global temperature Naysayers argue that global warming is a natural progression and even if humans were to cease their activities, the earth’s atmosphere would still witness temperature rise. Nonetheless, human activity is significantly contributing to the burgeoning global warming. Taiwan Skyscraper The greenhouse effect is essential to our survival, keeping the earth warm enough for us and other living beings to thrive. The problem arises when too much heat is trapped in the atmosphere owing to increased emission of gases like methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. According to scientists, since 1925, the earth’s temperature has risen by 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit. What we’re seeing now are melting polar ice caps, an increase in the number of storms in the North Atlantic, an average of 15 every year as opposed to 10 before the year 1990, and a rise in carbon emissions in almost every country of the world. Melting of glaciers Most proponents of global warming have cited melting of glaciers and ice caps as a clear indicator of the greenhouse effect. According to a study, six major glaciers from the Greenland Ice Sheet recorded the same initial ice buildup in six years and each of these glaciers witnessed a slowdown during the warm years, when a greater amount of melt water was produced. Countries in low lying areas are at risk of being submerged if melting of glaciers continues at the current rate. Three main areas have been identified as being especially vulnerable. 1. Palau, Micronesia: Palau has gained recognition after figuring in the list of Seven Underwater Wonders of the World. The Pacific Island nation has a very rich underwater life, beckoning divers and researchers to study its rich biodiversity. Despite efforts to protect the area, however, Palau may just end up underwater if current trends continue. 2. Great Barrier Reef, Australia: Australia’s Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef system on the planet. Harboring 2,900 individual reefs, it’s a hot bed of marine activity. But, if waters rise, acidity levels can change and this could ultimately kill the reefs. As it is, Australia’s slow efforts to curb its carbon emissions has already led to substantial damage to the Great Barrier Reef. 3. Maldives, Indian Ocean: Maldives is already witnessing significant erosion on its borders. Aside from climate change, human activities like reclamation, illegal sand and coral mining have led to some houses collapsing because of sand bank erosion. The future of architecture Opinions are divided on the concept of climate change, as we all know and many companies, environmentalists and governments have called for change in policies to halt global warming. Architects and designers have already dreamed up housing projects that seek to minimize impact on the environment by utilizing green, non polluting energy and making provisions for effective waste management. An example is the Float House by Arman Fissette, which attempts to make use of Western Europe’s canal banks. The ‘house’ can either float or lean over an embankment, taking up just a meter of space so as not to affect canal traffic. Your world of tomorrow The five concepts listed below don’t envision living beneath the earth’s crust but do project surviving in underwater cities. Taiwan Skyscraper As part of the Annual Skyscraper Competition of 2006-09, Taiwanese designers came up with a concept of an underwater skyscraper that is self sustaining. The structure has an upper level garden as well as spheres that house offices, residences and lounges. Translucent soft plastic tubes act like elevators, transporting occupants from one level to the next. Food will be grown in the skyscraper itself and waste water will be properly treated for reuse. Electricity will be produced through solar, tidal and wind energy. Gyre Gyre Home design studio, Zigloo, created the Gyre Seascraper concept, an underwater science lab and resort at a dept of 400m, capable of housing gardens, offices, shops, restaurants, residences and recreational areas. A double hulled vortex covered in reinforced glass with concentric rings for each layer, Gyre will be powered by renewable energy through solar cells and wind turbines. Underwater nacelles will act like tidal generators when Gyre is anchored and function as thrusters for propulsion. Undersea Scraper, self sufficient tower undersea scraper self sufficient tower The Undersea Scraper designed by Spanish architects lfigeneia Arvaniti and Higinio Llames, hopes to give future victims of climate change some respite. The structure is self sufficient with the building’s skin having the capability of interacting with the surroundings for generation of tidal power. The dome, meanwhile, converts solar energy into power through photovoltaic generators. The double skin of the Undersea Scraper enables it to float or submerge by acting as a ballast tank. Scraper city Scraper city Malaysian designer, Sarly Adre Bin Sarkum, drew up a concept for the eVolo Skyscraper Competition titled the Water Scraper, which envisions integrating a floating island with an underwater skyscraper. The self sufficient structure generates renewable power by utilizing solar, wind and wave energy, and also produces its own food via aquaculture, farming and hydroponic techniques. A small forest dominates the top of the skyscraper while the lower levels house living spaces. Ballasts and tentacle like protrusions keep the Water Scraper upright. Underwater Skyscraper 7 by De Bever architects Underwater Skyscraper 7 by De Bever architects Conceived by De Bever architects, the Underwater Skyscraper 7 seeks to harmonize living with underwater surroundings. Not many details have been given but from what we can see, the city will house about 6,000 inhabitants with layers of concentric circles acting as living spaces. The benefits 1. Underwater skyscrapers will give vacationers and scientists a safe and non polluting platform to understand the world of oceans. 2. The structures will utilize renewable and clean energy as well as grow food through aquaculture, farming and hydroponics. 3. The skyscrapers will give us a way out and provide us shelter when effects of global warming reach an alarming stage, making living on land next to impossible. 4. Underwater cities use green technology and energy and we might eventually see mankind forever shedding his dependence on conventional energy systems. The challenges While underwater skyscrapers do give us an alternative, it’s obvious that they come with many drawbacks. 1. Sea storms: No technology can keep sea storms at bay and this poses a huge problem for underwater living. 2. Transportation: Since roads won’t be used anymore, we’d have to build whole new transport systems. 3. High humidity : Humidity is higher under water and there are no solutions yet on how to accommodate growing populations. 4. High cost: The cost of building underwater infrastructure will be huge, more than land based living. The bottom line There’s no doubt that underwater cities seem like an attractive solution to global warming. But, how do we ensure that air, water and food quality will be maintained? Moreover, how do we ensure that the ecosystem will be left undamaged by our activities? The sheer volume of work and capital needed to make underwater living feasible is one of the biggest obstacles we’d have to overcome. A far simpler and cost effective solution is turning our lifestyle around by incorporating green energy, proper waste management and innovative architecture in our way of life.
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Is future of human inhabitation heading below the waves?
Who is really committed to buying green, what are their motivations, and how can we reach them? OgilvyEarth has figured it out, and presented their findings from a new report, presented at the Greeniz Forum in New York City.
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11 Steps to Mainstream Your Green Products
Radhicka S Saxena: The compact prefab house designed by East Lake Builders, has a floor space of 280 square feet, and yet one will not have to compromise on any living comforts when residing in it. The scrupulous and simplistic design of the house accommodates all necessary rooms you require for a basic living. It has a modest box shape with a flat rooftop. Dubbed as the Dwell Kit, you can easily install this prefab home at any place. Dwell Kit Picture Gallery Dwell Kit It is solar powered with an estimated yearly heating and cooling cost of $104. The exterior, made from earthy wood, has a soft finish. Four sizable glass doors have been fitted on the front and such doors provide entry into the different rooms as well. A living room, kitchen, bedroom and bathroom have been packed into the limited space available. A small space for an office has been etched out in the bedroom, while the bath area slotted in here is also quite spacious. The flooring is bright and all basic amenities have been provided in the abode. The house has an eco friendly design plan and is powered by renewable solar energy. The annual cost of heating and cooling the house is roughly $104. Rick and Tony Mills at East Lake Builders are committed to the cause of building custom homes that are built from natural materials using local craftsmanship. Set it up as a holiday abode on a plot of land you purchased away from the hustle and bustle of the city or else you can also lay it out in your backyard as a guest accommodation. Like all other prefab homes, this one can be shipped to any desired destination. The house can then be assembled on site by a handyman or if you have the nerve you can try putting together the edifice on your own. Via: East Lake Builders
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Dwell Kit prefab home by East Lake Builders
Abdul Vahid V: Italian firms Med Computer and Biomood have created biodegradable cases for Apple iPhone, the iNature. It was demonstrated at CES 2012 in Las Vegas. The iNature cases will decompose about 90 percent in soil in 180 days after you throw away them. They are made from a native Italian bio-plastic, called the Apinat. The material is ideal to protect your iPhone from falls, scratches and shocks, as it fits well around your handset. iNature Bio-Degradable Outfits The iNature case can withstand harsh climate and won’t wear out even in heat, humidity or other still conditions. However, what makes it even more amazing are its biodegradable features. Like most iPhone cases, iNature won’t make any stress on ecology as it easily rots. The world today is in need of exactly this technology, which helps avert polluting the environment. The iNature case was one among the devices that grabbed the CES Innovations 2012 Design and Engineering Awards. Along with iNature, the Italian firms unveiled an iNature BioRolly, which is also a biodegradable technology accessory. The BioRolly is meant to wrap up cables and chords to shun away annoying tangling. The iNature iPhone case comes in three models with various tints. The case is priced at $19.9 and you can grab it from the product web site. The product will fit well around all recent models including iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4 and 4S. Get an iNature case for your iPhone and save the earth from more plastic and hard garbage. Via: GreenPacks
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Italian firms bring you iNature: A biodegradable iPhone case
Sonia Renthlei: The gap between mankind and nature is slowly but surely widening. While we have lived off the earth for millennia, it’s safe to say that we have barely given anything back. This is now causing problems as we see ourselves gazing into a future where resources are depleting, land space is scarce and pollution is at an all-time high. Our way of life has distanced us from the natural environment so much so that our understanding and connection to our surroundings is all but broken. Is there anything that can be done to reverse the trend? Maybe, if certain designers and architects have their way. Hybrid Forest Picture Gallery Hybrid Forest The project is conceived as an urban hybrid forestry of multiple elements. 24 Degrees Studio is a firm that seeks to integrate living with the environment, technology and architecture. Its method tries to prove that urban living doesn’t have to necessitate damage to the environment and can be accomplished through sustainable and intelligent designs instead. It hopes to be able to make interaction possible between man and nature which will hopefully see us finally living with nature and not living off it. 24 Degrees Studio has conceived a project called Hybrid Forest wherein structures will aim to use as little land space as possible. Four houses make up the project with all of them occupying a 36mx36m grid each. The space saved in between the houses can then be used for recreational activities. Plenty of glass will be used for construction of the Hybrid Forest to initiate ample natural lighting and scenic views of the natural surroundings. Each of the four units will have its own parking space and garden located in the given block. An elevator will be installed to elevate the car to its allotted space. On the same floor, a private garden will be constructed for inhabitants to plant and grow flora of their choice. The upper floor will have its own private viewing space, free from the eyes of the neighboring units. However, those who do want to interact with people living in the other units can do so via access ways on the rooftops. 24 Degrees Studio’s Hybrid Forest is a refreshing concept from the usual attempts to create green spaces in and around urban landscapes. While those methods help to a certain degree, there is no beating living in an area where your home and nature embrace each other. Healthier and far more peaceful, such concepts can provide people living fast-paced and stressed out lives a cozy and quiet nook to come home to. 24 Degrees Studio’s designs are minimalistic and contemporary, combining simple lines with earthy and muted tones. It also involves itself in interior decorating and what is unique is the architects’ ability to give even small rooms the illusion of spaciousness. Examples of the firm’s works can be viewed at its website. It isn’t known if Hybrid Forest will ever become a reality but such efforts to design homes that blend architecture with nature are always welcome. In this age of concrete and skyscrapers, it’s a pleasant change to come across designs that give the impression of sprawling homes without actually utilizing large amounts of space. Via: 24dStudio
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Hybrid Forest integrates technology, architecture and environment
Sonia Renthlei: The problems with current EVs As we all know, our fuel supply is slowly and steadily being exhausted, as our population soars and we continue to depend on the earth’s resources to keep us going. Unfortunately, fuel sources take thousands of years to regenerate which is why we’re struggling to find new ways to feed our demands. As of now, vehicles powered by electricity are trying to replace conventional cars in an attempt to conserve fuel. While this is laudable, there are some problems associated with EVs that prevent them from being truly feasible. Most EVs run on lithium-ion batteries that need to be charged ever so often. This poses a problem for areas where charging stations are scarce or non-existent. Of course, electric vehicles all come with a cable that can be plugged into any household electric outlet of 120 volts. But, the charging process can take a long time, usually up to 10 hours for a full charge and in worse cases, up to 20 hours, depending on the size of the EV’s battery. The maximum distance range of an EV is also significantly slower than conventional fuel-powered cars, increasing anxiety among EV users who have to commute for miles at a time. Hydrogen fuel Lithium shortage Most electronic devices use lithium-ion batteries and this includes EVs. While it’s a pretty abundant material, it needs to be processed as it doesn’t occur naturally in elemental form. Whispers of lithium shortage are already making the rounds, prompting researchers to seek out other sources. In EVs, lithium is required in higher quantities and this requirement is proportional to the size of the battery. Now, if everyone were to switch from fossil fuel-based cars to EVs, supply of lithium could very well diminish, posing another problem for our fuel-starved planet. The process of deriving lithium commercially, too is time-consuming, with two years needed to yield just a ton of the resource. High cost of replacement batteries What makes lithium-ion batteries inefficient is their short lives. Whether you apply them to EVs or other electronic devices that rely on them, they need to be replaced often. However, unlike in gadgets like MP3 players and cellphones, batteries used for EVs are far more expensive. The replacement for a hybrid car battery can cost anywhere between $1,000 to $6,000 depending on the make and year of the car. Customers also need competent dealers to replace it for them, the labor work of which can cost about $900. This isn’t viable in the long run as EV users will rack up a substantial bill, negating the advantages of owning and driving these eco-friendly vehicles. Fuel cells: A cleaner, greener alternative An alternative to batteries that is currently gaining ground is hydrogen fuel cells. This element is found in abundance and can be combined with other elements to power vehicles. Since it doesn’t occur naturally as a gas on earth, hydrogen needs to come into contact with air, the result of which produces electricity, steam and heat. Like lithium-ion-based vehicles, hydrogen-fueled cars produce nil emissions, making them popular with the green brigade. Advantages of hydrogen 1. Hydrogen has the highest energy content This green gas has the highest energy content of any other fuel per unit of weight. As water molecules break down to form HHO or Brown’s Gas, the resultant fuel is much more efficient than conventional gas or diesel. Fuel cell engines propelled by hydrogen run at a much capable rate than internal combustion engines. For a better understanding, 2.2 pounds of hydrogen give almost the same output of energy as a gallon of gas does. 2. Hydrogen is non-polluting Hydrogen as a fuel alternative doesn’t just generate more energy but it is non-polluting as well. The only byproduct you get is water and heat so there is no carbon dioxide produced. 3. Hydrogen is an abundant fuel source Unlike gas and diesel, hydrogen is found in abundance, with an almost inexhaustible supply. This makes it a better alternative to lithium-ion batteries as lithium is limited. Notable trends 1. Mercedes-Benz to debut hydrogen fueled F125! Mercedes Benz F125 Popular automaker, Mercedes, has revealed its hydrogen-powered F125! concept whose design is inspired by the F800. Looks-wise, it’s an awesome vehicle with smooth, flowing lines typical of a Merc production. Gullwing doors lend it a futuristic look that matches its inner workings. Four electric motors crank out 231hp, capable of pushing the machine to top speeds of 137mph. Acceleration time is pretty impressive at 4.9 seconds going from 0-60mph. What is more impressive, however, is its hydrogen consumption: a mere 0.79kg per 100kms. The gas tank is made of carbon fiber with a capacity of holding 700 bars of H2. Additional power is produced from the on-board lithium-ion battery pack of 10kWh, enabling the car to travel 31km before the fuel cell is activated. 2. Toyota FCV-R Toyota FCV-R To be launched in 2015, Toyota has also designed a hydrogen-fueled vehicle called the FCV-R. Still a concept, the FCV-R is a pretty large saloon, equipped with two 10,000psi hydrogen tanks, one under the rear seats and the second under the boot door. The fuel cell has been placed between the front seats while a second battery has been mounted behind the fixed seats at the rear. The company is still trying to bring the cost of the vehicle down before it is launched from the current estimate of 85,000 pounds. 3. Mazda debuts Norwegian-spec RX-8 Hydrogen RE Mazda RX-8 Hydrogen RE While Mazda’s Norwegian version of the RX-8 Hydrogen RE debuted a few years back, it deserves a mention as it was the company’s first hydrogen-powered vehicle for Norway. Incidentally, the car helped mark the opening of the country’s HyNor project (hydrogen filling stations) to make H2-fueled cars more popular among the masses. The hybrid vehicle has a hydrogen tank with a capacity of storing 2.4kg of H2. Needed improvements 1. High cost Like most alternative fuel sources, processing hydrogen to generate electricity can be expensive. Complex machines and techniques are required which is why the popularity of this abundant resource hasn’t hit its peak. 2. Storage and safety issues H2 may be clean and green but it’s also highly volatile and flammable. While current storage tanks are made keeping in mind chances of leaks and other dangers, they aren’t exactly fool-proof. 3. Still dependent on fossil fuels Energy produced by hydrogen may be high but so is the energy needed to produce this gas. The process of conversion still depends on fossil fuels which makes this ‘clean’ source of energy significantly polluting.
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Why the future of transportation needs better fuel cells not batteries
Dattatreya Mandal: When we are talking about portable homes, the topic covers a broad field replete with flexible housing units, ranging from modular structures to mobile dwellings, but the core functionality of such transportable dwelling system always allude to one factor, and that is man’s response to adverse societal effects on our environment. Land Shortage Over the years, the mass scale of unplanned urbanization has taken its toll on some economic segments of our society, and, hence many of them have decided to forego the city based ’sedentary’ mode of life, thus giving rise to the practice of permanent living in wheeled mobile homes. Finally, portable houses also pose as habitation solutions in case of emergencies like natural catastrophes (cyclones, tsunamis, earthquakes, etc) and even conditions like war and famine. Living green in tiny homes On the other hand, the transportable housing industry has not always lived up to the set conventional standards. Studies show, many of the service related attributes like temperature control, insulation properties to even the materials used for construction are not entirely dictated by user comfort or even structural competence. In such unfavorable circumstances, eco friendly portable homes come as sustainable saviors, guided by practicality, compactness and most importantly efficiency. As a matter of fact, it can be seen as an alternative trend undertaken by specialized (and expert) designers, to righteously solve the crucial predicaments of human habitation affected by disorganized land use. Trends a) Eco capsule Eco-Capsule Self sufficiency is the name of the game in the compact dwelling design of Eco capsule. Conceptualized by Nice Architects, the designers have envisaged the aluminum clad capsule as a fusion of a mobile housing unit with a recreational vehicle (RV), powered by non-renewable energy. Coming to structural considerations, the 270 sq-feet area will cater to two people, while its spatial nature will comprise of separate waste collecting compartments, along with a gray water recycling facility. b) Eco friendly portable vacation capsule Eco friendly portable vacation capsule We come across another design in a conceptual stage, but this time the portable vacation capsule has been contrived to cure our traveling bug, albeit in a ‘green’ way. According to the designers of Nau Architecture Corporation, the self sustaining bantam habitat will be wholly powered by sustainable energy. But more importantly, it can supposedly be transported to anyplace in the world, starting from roof tops to wild jungles. c) M_Cube M_Cube Created by industrial designer Benjamin Beck, the M_Cube alludes to the next generation of modular dwellings. This means, the 2.55m x 2.55m unit (in its modular components) can be transported and assembled according to user’s preference. And beyond the efficient compactness, the design will also incorporate an ‘intelligent’ energy glass, for regulatory induction of natural light. d) iPAD portable homes iPAD portable homes When it boils down to portable homes, highfalutin conceptions come dime a dozen. But this time for a change, architect Andre Hodgskin has designed his ‘iPAD’ variety of dwelling units that fuses flexibility with user preference. This means the modular structural components can be easily assembled on notice, while the pad’s interior spatial elements can also be diversified with a variety of color options and extendable decks. e) Habitat Microhome Concept Habitat microhome concept Christened simply as the ‘Habitat’, American product designer Joe Salerno has adroitly conceived his conception as a ‘car-house’. The total scope encompasses a hybrid-like structure, with a separate car space (of 32 sq m) and a duplex space (of 100 sq m). When the Habitat is static, these two spaces fuse to become a credibly sized dwelling, with denominations like kitchen and bedroom. Finally, the conception will also not require conventional fuels, as its integrated systems will generate clean solar and wind energy. What it means for you The housing industry does form an important element of our overall economy and in allusion to its crucial impact, the industry does contribute to significant levels of carbon footprint. For example, housing emanated 30 percent of the total carbon emissions in the UK, for last year. So, in such a precarious ambit, we as ordinary citizens should work towards a decisive goal of collective sustainability. Of course, this does not necessarily entail that we should all pack our bags and be on the move like modern day nomads, but adapting to portable housing does tip the scale on favor of low emissions. As a matter of fact, we can look forth to long term solutions within our urban (and suburb) scope, with flexible yet permanent modular habitats. Added benefits Beyond the scope of sustainability, there are always the constraints of economy bound with our modernistic lifestyle. In relation to this, eco friendly portable homes have a tendency to come at relatively lower prices. Moreover, users can also cut upon their energy costs through long term usage of renewable sources, natural lighting and minimal wastage of building materials.
